That's because no one really knows but it is a well accepted theory. It started with experiments in the 70s on monkeys, where they blocked their noses and observed the results though one could argue that it started centuries ago since mouth breathing has been considered an insult for a long time. I haven't read it but in my mental model, tongue pressed against the arch exerts a continuous light force out and forward against the teeth of the maxilla. With the mouth closed, teeth interlock and the mandible follows the direction of growth of the maxilla but when they're separated, gravity dictates growth. Bones just grow but need to be guided where to grow.
I don't think it matters as an adult. You can see a few mm of change as a bruxer after 20-30 years, heavy forces for 1/3 the day. Remodeling is a different process than growth and the bones harden after 30. It's a health problem though. Mouth dries out and gum disease, cavities, even cardiovascular disease become more likely. Infections are more common and the nose performs some other functions as I recall. Sometimes I wonder if that's related to my chronically elevated serum bicarb. Of more significance, recovering from jaw surgery is much harder when your mouth is banded shut and your nose is clogged up. All the air goes through the teeth then.